Forced convection

Laminar and Turbulent Flow in Tubes

Flow in laminar regime

In a laminar regime (Re<2100), takes place almost exclusively by conduction (Sieder and Tate)

Flow in transition regime:

For 2100<Re<10 000, the following expression is used:

Flow in Turbulent  regime

For fully developed turbulent flow the Nusselt number (Dittus–Boelter equation)

External Forced Convection

1. For flow over a flat plate

Laminar:

• 
  

Turbulent:

2. For flow over a cylinder (Churchill and Bernstein):

3. Flow over a sphere (Whitaker):